12M Band Pass Filter

Series-Trap, Shunt-C filter topology is used. 4 sections are enough to obtain more than sufficient image rejection. The filter design is based on a 0.1dB ripple Chebyshev response. The schematic is shown in the following drawing:

Because of design constraints, especially regarding IMD, the following theoretical and practical component values are chosen:

Dipole 1 and 12 represent the filters input and output impedance in the simulation and are not physically present in the real circuit. The practical capacitors are made up from combinations of standard values. The first column shows the values I used with Polystyrene capacitors. The other column shows values when ATC100-B chip capacitors are used. The inductors are fine tuned by changing the distribution of turns around the toroid.

Dipole 2 and 10, that match the filter to 50 ohms, have been reduced by about 50pF in order to compensate for the parasitic capacitance of the complete motherboard system.

In simulation when the coils are modeled with a Q=150 the filter has the following key characteristics:

• Insertion loss: 1.50dB
• Image rejection at 43MHz: 108dB
• IF rejection at 9MHz: 77dB
• -3dB bandwidth: 3000KHz
• Center frequency: 24500KHz
• Loaded Q: 8.17

The 108dB image rejection at 43MHz is theoretical but might be realized in real life. The IF rejection of 77dB at 9MHz is not sufficient by itself. However the H-Mode mixer's symmetry (55dB) and the 9MHz notch filter (80dB) will add more than enough extra attenuation.

IMD

Because of the IMD requirement and the space available on the board the following Micrometals toroid is tested: T80-10. Suflex 2.5% polystyrene capacitors are used.

The table below summarizes the filter measurement data. The 2-tones have 20KHz separation. IMD is measured at 0dBm and 5dBm input levels to detect non 3rd order law behavior. MDS is measured within 2.2KHz bandwidth:

The table requires some explanation. For each core the insertion loss of the resulting BPF and the MDS figure for the complete frontend with that BPF is given. Next, IMD results at 0dBm input tones and 5 dBm input tones are given. The columns marked 'BPF' show the IIP3 of the BPF only. The columns marked '-BPF' show the IIP3 of the frontend without the BPF in front and the columns marked '+BPF' show the IIP3 of the complete frontend including the BPF. Also the IMD3 dynamic range is computed and shown.

A number of additional remarks to the measurements:

• All measurements are done with the complete BPF motherboard with 10 BPF filters, notch filter and the attenuator board mounted. So the IL and MDS figures include the small but measurable additional losses (about 0.2dB) introduced by the attenuator board (4 relays), the 9MHz notch and the 2 relays on the measured BPF board.

• On 12M the additional loss in the IF notch filter can be neglected.

• On 12M the T80-10 does not quite match the expectations and the performance of the mixer.

• The obtained inductor Q with the tested toroids seems to be around 150. Silver plated 0,50mm enameled wire is used.

12M BPF with T80-10

A picture of the assembled filter PCB is shown below. It measures 160x50mm, a half height eurocard. The assembly is meant to be plugged onto a motherboard with 9 other similar BPF's and a 9MHz notch filter board:

Measurement overview

The following table summarizes some measurements made to the T80-10 12M BPF:

The light cyan colored measurement, BPF box IF rejection, could not be accurately measured directly with the frontend. The 3rd harmonic of the 9MHz test tone is not adequately attenuated by the 12M BPF and came out at -63dBc which also happens to be at the image frequency when listening to exactly 9MHz! With the network analyzer however a rejection at 9MHz of -100dB or better could be seen.

Single tone spurious responses

The following table shows the relevant single tone spurious responses of the H-Mode mixer frontend with the 12M BPF. Spurious signals are determined by the following equation: | n * Fo ± m * Fs | = Fif, where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and m = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. The number of possible spurs up to 5'th order is 55, but only those that fall within the -40dB pass band of the BPF are investigated. Higher order spurs and spurs outside the -40dB pass band are considered insignificant and have not been measured. The spur test signal is a very strong 0dBm (S9+73dB!) signal.

The cyan colored measurements are limited due to the phase noise levels of the signal generator and / or LO. The given values are the best that could be done.

Transmission

The next analyzer plot shows the pass band characteristics of the T80-10 12M filter. IL is around 1.60dB over the entire 12M band at a -3dB bandwidth of 2681KHz. The filter is tweaked such that it is not aligned for maximum flatness in the pass band but lightly peaks at the narrow 12M amateur band. The value of the IL indicates that the Q's of the inductors are close to about 150:

The following analyzer plot shows the wideband insertion loss up to the image frequency at 43MHz. At 9MHz the attenuation is about the predicted 77dB. The drastic dip of the notch filter is clearly visible. The stop band is close to the analyzers available 100dB range

The 9MHz IF rejection is measured at < -130dB (not measurable), with the 9MHz notch in place. The image rejection is measured at -102dB.

The following analyzer picture is a wideband plot up to 100MHz. Stop band reduces abruptly beyond 80MHz. Probable causes are self resonance of the big toroid inductors and / or resonance of the entire filter slot as a cavity resonator. With a pure enough LO signal this reduced stop band performance at those frequencies should not be of much concern.

Reflection

Finally the impedance of the filter is measured with N2PK-VNA and Exiter software:

The measured curve almost overlaps the curve when simulating the theoretical filter and shows a good match to a 50 ohm system.

PCB artwork and schematic for the 4-pole filter board in PDF format.

160M BPF

80M BPF

40M BPF

30M BPF

20M BPF

17M BPF

15M BPF

10M BPF

6M BPF

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